3 Data analysis
We will show how to use RFCCA package on a generated data set. The data set has three sets of variables: \(X \in R^{n \times 2}\), \(Y \in R^{n \times 2}\) and \(Z \in R^{n \times 7}\). The sample size (\(n\)) is 300. The correlation between \(X\) and \(Y\) depends only on \(Z_1,...,Z_5\) (i.e. \(Z_6\) and \(Z_7\) are noise variables). Firstly, we load the data and split the data into train and test sets:
library(RFCCA)
data(data)
set.seed(2345)
smp <- sample(dim(data$X)[1], round(dim(data$X)[1]*0.7))
train.X <- data$X[smp,]
train.Y <- data$Y[smp,]
train.Z <- data$Z[smp,]
test.Z <- data$Z[-smp,]Then, we train the random forest with rfcca().
rf.obj <- rfcca(X = train.X, Y = train.Y, Z = train.Z, ntree = 100)Before analyzing the prediction results, we have to check first if the the global effect of \(Z\) is significant by applying the global significance test.
test.obj <- global.significance(X = train.X, Y = train.Y, Z = train.Z,
ntree = 100, nperm = 10)
test.obj$pvalue
#> [1] 0Using 10 permutations, the estimated p-value < 0.05 (where the significance level(\(\alpha\)) is 0.05). Hence, we reject the null hypothesis. 10 permutations to compute the p-value is indeed very low. Using 500 permutations, we got a p-value of 0. Higher number of permutations is required to estimate the p-value accurately. However, it should also be noted that higher number of permutations increases the computational time.
Since the global effect of \(Z\) is significant, now we can analyze the predictions. We can get the out-of-bag (OOB) predictions from the grow object.
pred.oob <- rf.obj$predicted.oob
head(pred.oob)
#> [1] 0.5124002 0.7959757 0.8662681 0.8149739 0.6588582 0.7188775Those values represent the OOB canonical correlation predictions for the training observations. The predicted canonical correlations range between 0 and 1 where the closer the values to 1, the stronger the correlation between the canonical variates, \(Xa\) and \(Yb\).
We can get the variable importance (VIMP) measures for \(Z\). VIMP measures reflect the predictive power of subject-related covariates on the estimated correlations.
vimp.obj <- vimp(rf.obj)
vimp <- vimp.obj$importance
vimp
#> z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7
#> 6.461857e-03 7.730602e-03 6.496649e-04 4.488815e-03 2.326590e-04 7.559608e-05 1.650719e-05Moreover, we can plot the variable importance measures. We know that the correlation between \(X\) and \(Y\) depends on \(Z_1,...,Z_5\). Therefore, it is expected to get higher VIMP measures for \(Z_1,...,Z_5\) than \(Z_6\) and \(Z_7\).
plot.vimp(vimp.obj)
Finally, we can get canonical correlation predictions for test \(Z\).
pred.obj <- predict(rf.obj, test.Z)
pred <- pred.obj$predicted
head(pred)
#> [1] 0.7681228 0.8383421 0.8466399 0.7319380 0.7363355 0.8437405Those values represent the canonical correlation predictions for the test observations.
Besides the canonical correlation estimations, we can get the estimated canonical coefficients for the \(X\) and \(Y\), \(a\) and \(b\), respectively.
head(pred.obj$predicted.coef$coefx)
#> x1 x2
#> [1,] -0.01856821 -0.005700326
#> [2,] 0.02100048 0.007258287
#> [3,] 0.01967372 0.007064432
#> [4,] -0.02207643 -0.010359656
#> [5,] 0.01890530 0.007314632
#> [6,] -0.01913989 -0.006072593
head(pred.obj$predicted.coef$coefy)
#> y1 y2
#> [1,] -0.010205081 -0.01649033
#> [2,] 0.016810998 0.01342039
#> [3,] 0.015730490 0.01412247
#> [4,] -0.019185912 -0.01341132
#> [5,] 0.009152462 0.01813504
#> [6,] -0.014482360 -0.01430064We can analyse the linear relations between the variables with the entries of the estimated canonical coefficient vectors, \(a\) and \(b\). The values under the \(X_1\) and \(X_2\) columns represent the canonical coefficients for \(X_1\) and \(X_2\), \(a_1\) and \(a_2\), respectively. Similarly, \(b_1\) and \(b_2\) for the canonical coefficients of \(Y_1\) and \(Y_2\) under the corresponding columns.
Alternatively, we can use variants of CCA for the final canonical correlation estimation. Here, we use Sparse CCA (SCCA) for the final canonical correlation estimations. The idea of SCCA is to improve the interpretability of results by forcing some of the canonical coefficients to be zero which results in a set of selected features that has the highest importance in the relationship between \(X\) and \(Y\).
pred.obj2 <- predict(rf.obj, test.Z, finalcca = "scca")
pred2 <- pred.obj2$predicted
head(pred2)
#> [1] 0.6867026 0.7213607 0.6790587 0.6223460 0.6776450 0.6902146Again, we can look at the estimated canonical coefficients for the \(X\) and \(Y\).
head(pred.obj2$predicted.coef$coefx)
#> x1 x2
#> [1,] -1 0
#> [2,] -1 0
#> [3,] -1 0
#> [4,] -1 0
#> [5,] -1 0
#> [6,] -1 0
head(pred.obj2$predicted.coef$coefy)
#> y1 y2
#> [1,] 0 -1
#> [2,] -1 0
#> [3,] -1 0
#> [4,] -1 0
#> [5,] 0 -1
#> [6,] 0 -1We can plot the canonical correlation estimations using classical CCA and Sparse CCA.
plot(pred, pred2, xlab="Classical CCA", ylab="Sparse CCA",
xlim=c(min(pred,pred2),max(pred,pred2)), ylim=c(min(pred,pred2),max(pred,pred2)),
pch = 20)
abline(0,1,col = "red") 
For further data analysis, one can use SHAP values (Lundberg et al., 2017) to gain additional insights. SHAP values show how much each variable contributes, either positively or negatively, to the individual predictions. For an example of application to the problem in question, see Alakus et al. (2020).