Support on $(0, \infty)$

• Gamma distribution (“Gamma”): $L'\sim \Gamma(\alpha_g, \sigma_g)$, where $\alpha_g>0$ is the shape parameter and $\sigma_g>0$ the scale parameter. Then the corresponding density is given by $$f(x)=\frac{1}{\sigma_g^{\alpha_g}\Gamma(\alpha_{g})}x^{\alpha_g-1}e^{-x/\sigma_g},$$ for $x>0$. The characteristic function is given by $$\psi(u)=(1-ui\sigma_g)^{\alpha_g},$$ for $u\in \mathbb{R}$. We note that $\mathbb{E}(L')=\alpha_g \sigma_g$, $\mathrm{Var}(L')=\alpha_g \sigma_g^2$ and $c_4(L')=6\alpha \sigma^4$. Here we have $$L(A)\sim \Gamma(\mathrm{Leb}(A)\alpha_g, \sigma_g).$$

Support on $\mathbb{R}$

• Gaussian case (“Gaussian”): $L'\sim \mathrm{N}(\mu, \sigma^2)$. In this case, $$L(A)\sim \mathrm{N}(\mathrm{Leb}(A)\mu, \mathrm{Leb}(A)\sigma^2).$$ We note that $\mathbb{E}(L')=\mu$, $\mathrm{Var}(L')=\sigma^2$ and $c_4(L')=0$.

• Cauchy distribution (“Cauchy”): $L'\sim \mathrm{Cauchy}(l, s)$, where $l\in \mathbb{R}$ is the location parameter and $s>0$ the scale parameter. The corresponding density is given by $$f(x)=\frac{1}{\pi s(1+(x-l)/s)^2}, \quad x \in \mathbb{R},$$ and the characteristic function is given by $$\psi(u)=l i u-s|u|, \quad u \in \mathbb{R}.$$ Here we have $$L(A) \sim \mathrm{Cauchy}(l\mathrm{Leb}(A), s\mathrm{Leb}(A)).$$

• Normal inverse Gaussian case (“NIG”): $L'\sim \mathrm{NIG}(\mu, \alpha, \beta, \delta)$, where $\mu \in \mathbb{R}$ is the location parameter, $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$ the tail heaviness parameter, $\beta \in \mathbb{R}$ the asymmetry parameter and $\delta\in \mathbb{R}$ the scale parameter. We set $\gamma=\sqrt{\alpha^2-\beta^2}$. The corresponding density is given by $$f(x)=\frac{\alpha \delta K_1(\alpha\sqrt{\delta^2+(x-\mu)^2})}{\pi\sqrt{\delta^2+(x-\mu)^2}} \exp(\delta \gamma+\beta(x-\mu)), \quad x \in \mathbb{R}.$$ Here $K_1$ denotes the Bessel function of the third kind with index 1. The characteristic function is given by $$\psi(u)=\exp(iu\mu+\delta(\gamma-\sqrt{\alpha^2-(\beta+iu)^2})), \quad u \in \mathbb{R}.$$ In this case, we have $$L(A)\sim \mathrm{NIG}(\mu \mathrm{Leb}(A), \alpha, \beta, \delta \mathrm{Leb}(A)).$$ Also, $\mathbb{E}(L')=\mu +\frac{\delta \beta}{\gamma}$, $\mathrm{Var}(L')=\frac{\delta \alpha^2}{\gamma^3}$ and $c_4(L')=\frac{3\alpha^2\delta(4\beta^2+\alpha^2)}{\gamma^7}$.

Support on $\mathbb{N}_0=\{0, 1, \ldots\}$

• Poisson case (“Poisson”): $L' \sim \mathrm{Poi}(v)$ for $v > 0$. In this case, $$L(A)\sim \mathrm{Poi}(\mathrm{Leb}(A)v).$$ We note that $\mathbb{E}(L')=\lambda$, $\mathrm{Var}(L')=\lambda$ and $c_4(L')=\lambda$.

• Negative binomial case (“NegBin”): $L'\sim \mathrm{NegBin}(m, \theta)$ for $m>0, \theta \in (0, 1)$. I.e. the corresponding probability mass function is given by $\mathrm{P}(L'=x)=\frac{1}{x!}\frac{\Gamma \left( m +x\right) }{\Gamma \left( m \right) }\left( 1-\theta \right)^{m }\theta^{x}$ for $x \in \{0, 1, \ldots\}$. We note that $\mathbb{E}(L')=m \theta/(1-\theta)$, $\mathrm{Var}(L')=m \theta/(1-\theta)^2$ and $c_4(L')=m\theta(\theta^2+4\theta+1)/(\theta-1)^4$. Then,

$$L(A)\sim \mathrm{NegBin}(\mathrm{Leb}(A)m, \theta).$$

Examples

We demonstrate the simulation of various trawl processes.

library(ambit)
library(ggplot2)

We start off with a trawl with standard normal marginal distribution and exponential trawl function.

#Set the number of observations
n <-2000
#Set the width of the grid
Delta<-0.1

#Determine the trawl function
trawlfct="Exp"
trawlfct_par <-0.5

#Choose the marginal distribution
distr<-"Gauss"
#mean 0, std 1
distr_par<-c(0,1)

#Simulate the path
set.seed(233)
path <- sim_weighted_trawl(n, Delta, trawlfct, trawlfct_par, distr, distr_par)$path

#Plot the path
df <- data.frame(time = seq(0,n,1), value=path)
p <- ggplot(df, aes(x=time, y=path))+
    geom_line()+
    xlab("l")+
    ylab("Trawl process")
p

#Plot the empirical acf and superimpose the theoretical one

#Plot the acf
my_acf <- acf(path, plot = FALSE)
my_acfdf <- with(my_acf, data.frame(lag, acf))
#Confidence limits
alpha <- 0.95
conf.lims <- c(-1,1)*qnorm((1 + alpha)/2)/sqrt(n)
q <- ggplot(data = my_acfdf, mapping = aes(x = lag, y = acf)) +
       geom_hline(aes(yintercept = 0)) +
       geom_segment(mapping = aes(xend = lag, yend = 0))+
        geom_hline(yintercept=conf.lims, lty=2, col='blue') +
        geom_function(fun = function(x) acf_Exp(x*Delta,trawlfct_par), colour="red", size=1.2)+
        xlab("Lag")+
        ylab("Autocorrelation")
q

The same trawl process can be obtained using the sim_weighted_trawl_gen instead as follows:

#Set the number of observations
n <-2000
#Set the width of the grid
Delta<-0.1

#Determine the trawl function
trawlfct_par <-0.5
a <- function(x){exp(-trawlfct_par*x)}

#Choose the marginal distribution
distr<-"Gauss"
#mean 0, std 1
distr_par<-c(0,1)

#Simulate the path
set.seed(233)
path <- sim_weighted_trawl_gen(n, Delta, trawlfct_gen=a, distr, distr_par)$path

#Plot the path
df <- data.frame(time = seq(0,n,1), value=path)
p <- ggplot(df, aes(x=time, y=path))+
    geom_line()+
    xlab("l")+
    ylab("Trawl process")
p

#Plot the empirical acf and superimpose the theoretical one

#Plot the acf
my_acf <- acf(path, plot = FALSE)
my_acfdf <- with(my_acf, data.frame(lag, acf))
#Confidence limits
alpha <- 0.95
conf.lims <- c(-1,1)*qnorm((1 + alpha)/2)/sqrt(n)
q <- ggplot(data = my_acfdf, mapping = aes(x = lag, y = acf)) +
       geom_hline(aes(yintercept = 0)) +
       geom_segment(mapping = aes(xend = lag, yend = 0))+
        geom_hline(yintercept=conf.lims, lty=2, col='blue') +
        geom_function(fun = function(x) acf_Exp(x*Delta,trawlfct_par), colour="red", size=1.2)+
        xlab("Lag")+
        ylab("Autocorrelation")
q